PUBLICHEARING
APRIL13, 2004
GALWAY TOWN HALL

Supervisor Hargrave opened the public hearing at 7:03 p.m. to receive public input on proposed six month moratorium on the consideration or approval of major subdivision applications and planned development district applications:

PRESENT: Supervisor George Hargrave Councilman Michael Tillson
Councilman William Topper

ABSENT: Councilwoman Susan Sutch Councilman Charles Quinlan

OTHERS PRESENT: K. Parker, Gazette Reporter; L. Sanders, Code Enforcement Officer & M. DeFoe, Town Clerk.

Town Clerk read the legal notice as printed in the Daily Gazette on April 4, 2004 and posted at the Town Hall; Bank; Post Office & Library. Town Clerk advised that correspondence was given to all board members from Saratoga County Planning Department with their corrections on proposed Local Law. Additional letter was received from County Planning Board advising that they polled board and approved the proposed moratorium. Supervisor Hargrave asked if there were any comments or questions from the audience. LoAnn Sanders, Code Enforcement Officer stated that she commended the board for taking this measure. However, she feels strongly that the Zoning Review Committee needs to continue to work hard on completing their process as soon as possible. Supervisor Hargrave felt strongly that the Zoning Review Committee would be able to complete their review of current zoning regulations and be ready to have public hearings on proposed changes within this six month period. Board closed the pubic hearing at 7:08 p.m.

REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 13, 2004
GALWAY TOWN HALL

Supervisor Hargrave called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. The following Town Board Members were present:

PRESENT: Supervisor George Hargrave Councilman Michael Tillson Councilman William Topper Councilwoman Susan Sutch
Councilman Charles Quinlan

OTHER PRESENT: D. Meager, Insurance Agent; P. Keeler, Historian; K. Parker, Gazette Reporter; S. Pandori, Library; T. O’Brien, Dog Control Officer; T. Killeen, Assessor; P. Dobo; L. Sanders, Code Enforcement Officer; P. Becker, Deputy Highway Superintendent & M. DeFoe, Town Clerk.

Pledge to the Flag

A motion was made by Councilman Topper, seconded by Councilman Quinlan to approve the minutes of the March 9, 2004 meeting as submitted.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

Communications – Town Clerk read correspondence received by fax today from Pamela Hargrave & Scott Welch of 5585 Graves Road. Ms. Hargrave was very concerned because Town Assessor appeared at her door today with no identification other than a business card; was advised that the property owners were not home and proceeded to walk around newly constructed pole barn anyway; and did not notify them by mail or telephone that he would be looking at their property on that day. Letter received from NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation advising that Mead House nomination was forwarded to the Keeper of the National Register in Washington, D.C. If the Keeper approves the nomination, the property will be listed on the National Register. They will notify Town when this decision is made. Correspondence was received from NYS Dept. of Transportation to Joseph Ritchey, Commissioner of Public Works regarding the speed limit reduction request sent to them in November of 2003. Reductions were approved on Lake Road, Consaul Road, Welch Road & Shaw Hill Road. They also noted that eastbound on Shaw Hill Road there is a W2-1 intersection warning sign in advance of stop sign which is prohibited by the MUTCD. Their recommendation was that the W2-1 be removed. Notice of Order was received from NYS Department of Transportation requesting the following speed limit reductions: 1). 45 mph speed limit reduction on Lake Road between Perth Road and a point 1.3+ miles north of its intersection with Perth Road, a distance of 1.3+ miles. 2). 45 mph on Consaul Road, a town highway, between West Galway Road in the Town of Galway and Route 67 in the Town of Charlton, a distance of 2.7+ miles. 3). 30 mph on Welch Road, a town highway, between Jockey Street (CR 52) and Shaw Hill Road, a distance of 0.4+ miles. 4). 45 mph on Shaw Hill Road/Grenell Road, a town highway, between Jockey Street (CR 52) in the Town of Galway and Armer Road in the Town of Milton, a distance of 2.2+ miles. All board members received copies of the Saratoga County Planning Board minutes for their February 19, 2004 meeting, along with the agenda for the March 18, 2004 meeting.

David Meager from the Round Lake Office of Adirondack Trust Insurance gave an overview of the Town of Galway’s insurance coverage. Dave was happy to inform the board of a savings in the town’s insurance this year of over $1,000.00. Dave Meager will contact Town Engineer’s office to make sure insurance wordings in indicated properly on specs for new highway garage. Councilwoman Sutch questioned the insurance rating for this new insurance company? Dave Meager stated that he could get this information for Councilwoman Sutch. They have been designated as one of the top fifty insurance companies with reference to stability in the country. Supervisor Hargrave stated that a representative from the insurance company would be looking over the properties covered under the town insurance policy on April 23^rd. LoAnn Sanders questioned if there would be any problem getting builders risk policy on new highway garage? Dave stated that there would be no problem getting this insurance when needed.

Privilege of the Floor – Peter Dobo from East Street in Galway stated that he first addressed the Town Board with his noise concern back in July. This has been an ongoing problem since that time. He wanted to advise the board that since Thursday of last week, with the exception of today his neighbor’s sons have been running their dirt bikes at least 8 hours per day. Mr. Dobo stated that he had a few questions he would like to ask of the board? Supervisor Hargrave stated that if board needed time to research request they would have to get back to Mr. Dobo with their findings. Where is the town currently at in terms of looking at the possibility of changing the existing noise ordinance? Is the board going to be looking at all town laws and grouping noise ordinance in with that review? Time frame on this review? Supervisor Hargrave asked if there was anyone else that would like to address privilege of the Floor. There were no further questions.

COMMITTEE REPORTS: Library – S. Pandori stated out with a “Thank You” to the Highway Department for their help when a car was stuck in soft ground over dry well at library. Sara stated that she would give Councilman Topper the building and ground persons name to discuss further this on going problem. Circulation for March was over 1900 books and materials, this is a 35% increase over last March. She read stories at the Lioness Breakfast with the Easter Bunny held at school. This Friday they will hold a program for children “Butterflies in a Bag”. This and another program were funded by an Art Council Grant. In May the pre-school will come for their annual field trip. They will also have an after school program in May, where a representative from Cornell Cooperative Extension will do a program on gardening with children. They have 2-3 children programs planned per week for the summer. Ballston Spa National Bank has given them $1,000.00 again this year towards summer reading program. Historian – P. Keeler advised board of Silver Anniversary for Pantry. Pantry was established in 1979 with the help of Liz Feulner. This year thanks to the Galway Lions, the pantry operates out of a new facility which was previously the Galway ambulance building. The pantry is open every Thursday from 10:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., or if needed by appointment. The 1^st Silver Anniversary event of the year is a display in show case at Town Hall showing the history of the Greater Galway Community Service Association. This was done under the leadership of the Town Historian’s office. In another salute, the GGCSA will attend and prepare a quote for the Galway Memorial Day Parade. Volunteers will accept non perishable food donations from people attending parade. Assessor – T. Killeen had property cards for board to review of homes he has assessed so far this year in Galway. Next month he will have numbers available for board to review on the increased taxable value of town. Public Safety – No Report. Property – No Report. Buildings & Grounds – Councilman Topper looked at driveway problem at Library on Saturday, he will discuss this with Highway Superintendent Hansen when he returns from vacation. Playing fields drainage pattern seems to be coming from a south/east direction; this will need to be addressed in Phase II of playing field development. Rock walls are being removed at ball field. Town Hall is looking much better with fresh painting. Public Affairs – No Report. Highway – Supervisor Hargrave stated that the Highway Superintendent left a request for a speed limit reduction on north end of Armer Road. To bring 3-phase power to front of property would cost about $17,000. County & Town – Supervisor Hargrave stated that Town newsletter will be mailed tomorrow. On town level, things have been very quiet. On county level they are still working on tower project in Adirondack Park, next meeting scheduled for Thursday at 10:15 a.m. in Ballston Spa.

LIAISON REPORTS: Planning Board – Councilman Tillson stated that Planning board granted final approval to Rue Kemmerling for a 3-lot subdivision on Jockey Street & Ballston-Galway Road. Final approval was granted to Edward Gorga for a 2-lot subdivision on Crane Road. Much of the evening was spent reviewing the application of Christopher Sowle for a Special Use Permit/Site Plan Review for conversion of one bay of the existing C & G Car Wash located at Route 29 & Fish House Road to a NYS motor vehicle inspection/repair shop. Planning board gave Mr. Sowle a list of items to address for further review of this proposed project. Youth – Councilman Topper stated that Youth Commission was working on Youth Appreciation Day. He encouraged everyone to stop by and enjoy the celebration on June 19^th. A concern was mentioned regarding dogs on playing fields during events. Councilman Topper stated that there was a leash law, but beyond that there really wasn’t anything that could be done. Suggested that they pass word around various groups using field to please not bring dogs to events. Junior Rifle end of year shoot off between parents and children was very successful. ZBA – No Report. Senior Citizens – Councilwoman Sutch stated that she attended both March meetings of the Senior Citizens and they continue to be very active. They had and art/craft demonstration of crafts they had done, which was very impressive. Presentation by County Sheriff regarding crime in Saratoga County and what to do to prevent it.

Councilman Topper made a motion, seconded by Councilman Tillson to approve the General Abstract of Vouchers (A) dated 3/10/04 thru 4/7/04 for a total of $11,480.74.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

Councilman Quinlan made a motion, seconded by Councilwoman Sutch to approve the General Abstract of Vouchers (B) dated 3/10/04 thru 4/7/04 for a total of $1,215.90.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

Supervisor Hargrave stated that there was $41,785.00 voucher in this abstract for a John Deere tractor to be used for mowing of shoulders. Councilwoman Sutch made a motion, seconded by Councilman Topper to approve the Highway Abstract of Vouchers (DA) dated 3/10/04 thru 4/7/04 for a total of $49,875.16.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

Councilman Tillson made a motion, seconded by Councilwoman Sutch to approve the Highway Abstract of Vouchers (DB) dated 3/10/04 thru 4/7/04 for a total of $4,410.93.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

Councilman Quinlan made a motion, seconded by Councilman Topper to approve the Lighting District Abstract of Vouchers (SL) dated 3/10/04 thru 4/7/04 for a total of $111.22.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

Councilman Topper made a motion, seconded by Councilman Quinlan to approve the Supervisor’s Operating Statement for the period ending 3/31/04.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

MOTIONS & RESOLUTIONS

RESOLUTION # 20-2004 – Approval of Local Law # 1-2004. Councilwoman Sutch noted that the following changes were being made to Section 2 regarding time frame from 45 days to 62 days. Also Section 5 wording changed to read: This law shall take effect upon filing with the Secretary of State and shall remain in effect until six months from that date. On a motion of Councilman Topper, seconded by Councilwoman Sutch the following resolution was ADOPTED with stated changes by ROLL CALL VOTE :
Supervisor George Hargrave – Aye Councilman Michael Tillson – Aye
Councilman William Topper – Aye Councilwoman Susan Sutch – Aye
Councilman Charles Quinlan - Aye
RESOLVED that the Galway Town Board approve:
LOCAL LAW NO. 1 OF THE YEAR 2004

A LOCAL LAW: ESTABLISHING A SIX MONTH TEMPORARY MORATORIUM
ON THE CONSIDERATION FOR APPROVAL OF MAJOR SUBDIVISION APPLICATIONS AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENT DISTRICTS APPLICATIONS BY THE GALWAY TOWN PLANNING BOARD.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE TOWN BOARD OF THE TOWN OF GALWAY, NY, AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 1: INTENT

The Town of Galway is currently working on updating its Zoning Ordinance to implement the objectives identified in the Comprehensive Plan adopted 8/13/02. A committee has been formed with representatives of the Galway Town Board, the Galway Planning Board, the Galway Zoning Board of Appeals, and citizens of the Town of Galway to consider such revisions to the Zoning Ordinance of the Town. The Town of Galway is in need of a period of time in order to adequately study, review, and plan for these land use regulation changes.

SECTION 2: APPLICATION AND DURATION

There is enacted a temporary moratorium on the further consideration or approval by the Galway Town Planning Board of any subdivision or planned development districts applications within the Town which consists of more than four lots. This moratorium shall continue for a period of six months from the effective date of this local law. It is intended that this local law expressly supercede the provisions of Section 276(6) of the New York Town Law requiring that the Planning Board act on applications for final plat approval within 62 days of their submission.

SECTION 3: EXEMPTIONS

The Town of Galway is cognizant that any projects which have been previously submitted to the Galway Planning Board and are actively being pursued with the Town shall not be affected by the proposed and/or potentially necessary amendments to the Zoning Ordinance and shall therefore be exempt from the moratorium and that minor subdivisions as previously defined be the town through enactment of legislation, together with minor additions to existing uses, be it residential, agricultural, or commercial, so long as such uses have been determined to not cause deleterious effects and/or effect the safety and well being of the citizens of Galway and shall also be exempted from the proposed moratorium so long as they are in strict compliance with the Zoning and Use regulations currently in effect in the Town of Galway. These actions may be exempted after review based upon consideration of the health, safety, welfare, and aesthetics within the Town of Galway.

SECTION 4: SEVERABILITY

The invalidity of any word, section, clause, paragraph, sentence, part or provision of this law shall not affect the validity of any other part of this law which can be given effect without such part or parts.

SECTION 5: EFFECTIVE DATE

This law shall take effect upon filing with the Secretary of State and shall remain in effect until six months from that date.

All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

RESOLUTION # 21-2004 – Designation of Town Board as Lead Agency for the purpose of conducting an environmental review of the proposed construction of a town highway garage. On a motion of Councilman Quinlan, seconded by Councilman Tillson the following resolution was ADOPTED by ROLL CALL VOTE:
Supervisor George Hargrave – Aye Councilman Michael Tillson – Aye
Councilman William Topper – Aye Councilwoman Susan Sutch – Aye
Councilman Charles Quinlan – Aye
RESOLVED that the Galway Town Board designate the Town of Galway Town Board as “Lead Agency” for the purpose of conducting an environmental review of the proposed construction of a town highway garage and offices on town lands north of Hermance Road and east of NYS Route 147.

WHEREAS, the Galway Town Board proposes to undertake the construction of a town highway garage and ancillary office space of approximately 10,000 SF on town lands (Tax Parcel # 186.-1-5) east of NYS Route 147 and north of Hermance Road, and

WHEREAS, the approval of said project is an “unlisted” action subject to the provisions of the New York State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQR) and the regulations (6 NYCRR Part 617) promulgated to implement said Environmental Quality Review Act, and

WHEREAS, the provisions of SEQR require the designation of a “Lead Agency” to determine the environmental significance of the Action, and

WHEREAS this Town Board has determined that no other agencies are involved in the review or approval of the action, now therefore be it,

RESOLVED that the Town of Galway Town Board and the same is hereby designated the “Lead Agency” for the purpose of conducting the SEQR review and determination of significance of the proposed action.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

RESOLUTION # 22-2004 – Authorization that the Town Board as lead agency has prepared and is filing a negative SEQR Declaration. On a motion of Councilman Topper, seconded by Councilman Tillson the following resolution was ADOPTED by ROLL CALL VOTE:
Supervisor George Hargrave – Aye Councilman Michael Tillson – Aye
Councilman William Topper – Aye Councilwoman Susan Sutch – Aye
Councilman Charles Quinlan – Aye
RESOLVED that the Galway Town Board as Lead Agency authorize the preparation of a negative SEQR Declaration.

WHEREAS, the Town of Galway Town Board is the designated “Lead Agency” for the purpose of conducting the Environmental Review of the proposed Town Highway Garage & ancillary offices pursuant to 6 NYCRR Part 617 regulations of the State Environmental Quality Review Act, and

WHEREAS, the “Lead Agency” has caused the appropriate and necessary forms and materials pertaining to its review of the project to be prepared, and

WHEREAS, upon review of the information recorded on the project Environmental Assessment Forms and consideration of the magnitude and importance of each impact, the “Lead Agency” has reasonably determined that the proposed project will result in no major impacts and, therefore, is one which will not cause significant negative impact to the environment, now, therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that this agency, as the designated “Lead Agency”, shall cause the preparation and filing of a Negative Declaration pertaining to the proposed Town Highway Garage and ancillary offices in accordance with prescribed regulations.
All ayes. MOTION CARRIED

RESOLUTION # 23-2004 – Authorization to issue bonds in the amount of $600,000 for the construction of town highway garage, subject to referendum if so petitioned. Councilwoman Sutch would like to have town bond as much as they can upfront and pay down if so desired as funds permit. The following resolution was offered by Councilman Topper, seconded by Councilman Tillson, to wit;

BOND RESOLUTION DATED APRIL 13, 2004

A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE ISSUANCE OF SERIAL BONDS OF THE TOWN OF GALWAY, SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK IN AN AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED $600,000 PURSUANT TO THE LOCAL FINANCE LAW TO FINANCE THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW TOWN HIGHWAY GARAGE AND DELEGATING THE POWER TO ISSUE BOND ANTICIPATION NOTES IN ANTICIPATION OF THE SALE OF SUCH BONDS TO THE TOWN SUPERVISOR.

BE IT RESOLVED, by the Town Board of the Town of Galway, Saratoga County, New York (the “Town”) (by the favorable vote of not less than two-thirds of all of the members of the Board) as follows:

SECTION 1. The specific purpose (hereinafter referred to as “purpose”) to be financed pursuant to this resolution is the construction of an approximately 10,000 square-foot, pre-engineered steel-frame highway garage on property owned by the Town off Route 147/Sacandaga Road in the Town. The estimated maximum cost of said purpose is $600,000.

SECTION 2. The Town Board plans to finance the total cost of said purpose by the issuance of serial bonds of the Town in an amount not to exceed $600,000, hereby authorized to be issued therefore pursuant to the Local Finance Law.

SECTION 3. It is hereby determined that said purpose is an object or purpose described in subdivision 11(a) of paragraph a of Section 11.00 of the Local Finance Law, and that the period of probable usefulness of said purpose is thirty (30) years.

SECTION 4. It is hereby determined that the proposed maturity of the obligations authorized by this resolution will be in excess of five (5) years.

SECTION 5. Current funds are not required to be provided prior to the issuance of the bonds authorized by this resolution or any notes issued in anticipation of said bonds.

SECTION 6. The proceeds of the bonds authorized by this resolution, and any notes issued in anticipation thereof, may be applied to reimburse the Town for expenditures made after the effective date of this resolution for the specific purposes set forth herein. This resolution shall constitute a statement of official intent for purposes of Treasury Regulation Section 1.150-2 of the United States Treasury Department.

SECTION 7. Each of the bonds authorized by this resolution, and any notes issued in anticipation thereof, shall contain the recital of validity prescribed by Section 52.00 of the Local Finance Law. The faith and credit of the Town are hereby irrevocably pledged for the payment of the principal of and interest on said bonds as the same respectively become due and payable. An annual appropriation shall be made in each year sufficient to pay the principal of and interest on said bonds becoming due and payable in such year. There shall annually be levied on all the taxable real property of the Town a tax sufficient to pay the principal of and interest on said bonds as the same become due and payable.

SECTION 8. Subject to the terms and contents of this resolution and the Local Finance Law, and pursuant to the provisions of Sections 21.00, 30.00, 50.00 and 56.00 to 63.00, inclusive, of said Law, the power to authorize bond anticipation notes in anticipation of the issuance of the serial bonds authorized by this resolution and the renewals of said notes, and the power to prescribe the terms, form and contents of said serial bonds and said bond anticipation notes (including, without limitation, dates, denominations, maturities, interest payment dates, consolidation with other issues, manner of execution and redemption rights), and the power to determine to issue said bonds providing for substantially level or declining debt service, and the power to sell and deliver said serial bonds and any bond anticipation notes issued in anticipation of the issuance of said bonds, are hereby delegated to the Town Supervisor, the Chief Fiscal Officer of the Town. The Town Supervisor is hereby authorized to sign any serial bonds issued pursuant to this resolution and any bond anticipation notes issued in anticipation of the issuance of said serial bonds, and the Town Clerk is hereby authorized to affix the corporate seal of the Town to any of said serial bonds or any bond anticipation notes and to attest such seal.

SECTION 9. The Town Supervisor is further authorized to take such actions and execute such documents as may be necessary to ensure the continued status of the interest on the bonds authorized by this resolution, and any notes issued in anticipation thereof, as excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes pursuant to Section 103 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and to designate the bonds authorized by this resolution, and any notes issued in anticipation thereof, as “qualified tax-exempt obligations” in accordance with Section 265(b) (3) of the Code.

SECTION 10. The validity of said serial bonds or of any bond anticipation notes issued in anticipation of the sale of said serial bonds may be contested only if:

(1) Such obligations are authorized for an object or purpose for which the Town is not authorized to expend money, or

(2) The provisions of law which should be complied with at the date of the publication of this resolution are not substantially complied with, and an action, suit or proceeding contesting such validity is commenced within twenty (20) days after the date of such publication, or

(3) Such obligations are authorized in violation of the provisions of the Constitution of New York.

SECTION 11. The Town Clerk is hereby authorized and directed to publish this resolution, or a summary thereof, together with a notice in substantially the form provided by Section 81.00 of the Local Finance Law, in The Daily Gazette, a newspaper having a general circulation in the Town and hereby designated as the official newspaper of the Town for such publication, after the period of time shall have elapsed for the submission and filing of a petition for a permissive referendum and a valid petition shall not have been submitted and filed.

SECTION 12. This resolution is adopted subject to a permissive referendum pursuant to Section 35.00 of the Local Finance Law.

The question of the adoption of the foregoing resolution was duly put to vote on a roll call, which resulted as follows:
Supervisor George Hargrave VOTING AYE
Councilman Charles Quinlan VOTING AYE
Councilwoman Susan Sutch VOTING AYE
Councilman Michael Tillson VOTING AYE
Councilman William Topper VOTING AYE

The foregoing resolution was thereupon declared duly adopted.

RESOLUTION # 24-2004 – Speed limit reduction request for north end of Armer Road. On a motion of Councilman Topper, seconded by Councilman Quinlan the following resolution was ADOPTED: AYES – 5 NAYS – 0
RESOLVED that the Galway Town Board authorize a request to be sent to the NYS Regional Traffic Engineer requesting a reduction in the speed limit on the north end of Armer Road in the Town of Galway.
All ayes MOTION CARRIED

Supervisor Hargrave went over the time line for the bond from Walsh & Walsh.

With reference to the noise ordinance the Supervisor stated that he would answer Mr. Dobo’s questions. Supervisor Hargrave stated that the Zoning Review Committee is still working on changes to the Zoning Law. Once they have completed their review, the Town Board will have hearing to review any proposed changes to that law. Councilman Quinlan stated that the Town of Galway’s noise ordinance is not addressed in the zoning laws; it is addressed in the Town Code. Councilman Quinlan discussed noise ordinances with the Supervisor of Malta. Councilman Quinlan stated that the information that Mr. Dobo previously gave the board to review regarding noise ordinances would require a full time employee to process such a report. Mr. Dobo stated that he received this from the Town of Milton. Supervisor Hargrave stated that their Code Enforcement Officer is a full time employee. Councilman Quinlan told Mr. Dobo that he would be going to the county to discuss the noise ordinance further with them within the next few weeks. He would advise board of the county’s suggestion to help address noise ordinance and enforcement issues. Mr. Dobo suggested Tom O’Brien as a candidate for this position. Supervisor Hargrave stated that all position in the Town are part time except the highway department employees. Mr. Dobo stated that he is not the only one bothered by this noise in the town. Supervisor Hargrave stated that Mr. Dobo’s complaint is the only complaint the Town has received regarding this matter. Supervisor Hargrave stated that the board is looking into ways to address & enforce noise ordinance.

On a motion of Councilwoman Sutch, seconded by Councilman Topper the board went into executive session at 8:43 p.m. to discuss a personal matter.
All ayes MOTION CARRIED

The board resumed their regular meeting at 9:06 p.m.

Councilman Topper made a motion, seconded by Councilwoman Sutch to adjourn the meeting at 9:06 p.m.
All ayes MOTION CARRIED

Respectfully submitted,

Margaret L. DeFoe
Town Clerk